Hercules, Leviathan or Promotheus? -- Knowledge, competition or dialogue? -- Hazardous decisions -- The UK: Political control with the benefits of judicial authority? -- The Netherlands: participation through the court system -- Canada: Community-based siting -- Comparison of case studies -- Summary and conclusions.
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In: Jordan , A & Huitema , D 2014 , ' Policy innovation in a changing climate: Sources, patterns and effects ' , Global Environmental Change , vol. 29 , pp. 387-394 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.09.005
States have been widely criticized for failing to advance the international climate regime. Many observers now believe that a "new" climate governance is emerging through transnational and/or local forms of action that will eventually plug the resulting governance gaps. Yet states, which remain oddly absent from most discussions of the "new" governance, will remain key players as governance becomes more polycentric. This paper introduces a special issue that explores the ability of states to rise to these interconnected challenges through the analytical prism of policy innovation. It reveals that policy innovation is much more multi-dimensional than is often thought; it encompasses three vital activities: invention (centering on the 'source' of new policy elements), diffusion (that produces different 'patterns' of policy adoption), and the evaluation of the 'effects' that such innovations create in reality. The papers, which range from qualitative case studies to large '. n' quantitative studies, offer new insights into the varied roles that states play in relation to all three. They show, for instance that: the policy activity of states has risen dramatically in the past decade; that state innovation is affected to similar degrees by internal and external factors; and that policies that offer flexibility to target groups on how to meet policy goals are most effective but that voluntary reporting requirements are ineffective. This paper draws upon these and many other insights to offer a much more nuanced reflection on the future of climate governance; one that deservedly puts states at the front and center of analysis.
In: Jordan , A & Huitema , D 2014 , ' Innovations in climate policy: the politics of invention, diffusion, and evaluation ' , Environmental Politics , vol. 23 , no. 5 , pp. 715-734 . https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2014.923614
The governance of climate change is in flux. In the understandable rush to explore what is filling the governance gaps created by gridlock in the international regime, scholars risk under-appreciating the capacity of states to engage in policy innovation at national and sub-national levels. Based on a review of existing concepts and theoretical explanations for (in)action at this level, we make the case for adopting a more holistic approach to understanding policy innovation, covering the source of new policy elements ('invention'), their wider entry into use ('diffusion'), and their projected and/or real effects ('evaluation'). The analytical and methodological challenges that arise from integrating these three perspectives are systematically explored and integrated into a new analytical framework used in the other contributions to this volume to explore more fully the politics of invention, diffusion, and evaluation in specific areas of mitigation and adaptation policy.
In: Massey , E E & Huitema , D 2016 , ' The emergence of climate change adaptation as a new field of public policy in Europe ' , Regional Environmental Change , vol. 16 , no. 2 , pp. 553-564 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0771-8
Over the past decade, climate change adaptation has become an integral item on the climate policy agendas of several European countries. As such, researchers have begun to question what concrete changes in polices are occurring at national levels and what dynamics can explain these changes. While new laws, policies and institutions have been created to deliver adaptation, supported through processes of cross-national policy innovation and learning, another interesting observation being made is that adaptation is steadily emerging into a new separate and distinct policy field in a handful of countries. The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to empirically map where and to what degree adaptation is emerging as a policy field; second, to theoretically and empirically explore the drivers underpinning policy field emergence. Based upon a survey of leading adaptation policy makers in 27 European countries, we show that there are signs of adaptation becoming a policy field in 15 countries. Furthermore, we find that even though institutional change, coupled with increasing public attention and pressure on governments to react to climate change, has helped drive the emergence of adaptation as a policy field, it would appear that it is the activities of elite policy makers and experts that have had the most influence.
ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS APPEAR AS A TYPE OF MAGIC CARPET FOR THE TRIP TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A PRE-FLIGHT CHECK OF THE CARPET'S VIABILITY, AND FINDS SEVERAL POTENTIAL DESIGN PROBLEMS. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN PRACTICE OFTEN DON'T COMPLY WITH THE UNDERLYING ECONOMIC THEORY. FURTHER, THE DOMINATING NOTION OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS IS ONLY ONE OF MANY.
In: Benson , D , Huitema , D & Jordan , A 2012 , ' Involving the public in catchment management. An analysis of the scope for learning lessons from abroad ' , Environmental Policy and Governance , vol. 22 , no. 1 , pp. 42-54 . https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.593
IN ADDITION TO THE WELL-KNOWN PROGRAMME FOR FLOOD PROTECTION, DUTCH WATER POLICY CONSISTS OF TWO MAIN SUBSECTORS; WATER SUPPLY AND GROUND WATER PROTECTION, AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT. IN THIS CONTRIBUTION SPECIAL ATTENTION IS PAID TO THE CHARACTERISATION OF THESE SUBSECTORS USING TWO NETWORK VARIABLES; MUTUAL COMMITMENT AND INTERRELATEDNESS. THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGE OF THESE FEATURES AND THEIR RELATION WITH POLICY OPPORTUNITIES ARE EXAMINED, THE WATER SUPPLY SECTOR WAS AMALGATED INTO LARGER COMPANIES AND DEVELOPED MORE COOPERATION AS A RESULT OF THE PRESSURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE, WHICH MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO CONTINUE PUMPING AND BILLING. THOUGH THE SECTOR IN A SENSE BECAME MORE INTEGRATED, THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASED NEED TO DO BUSINESS WITH OTHER INTERESTS, SUCH AS AGRICULTURE. THE SURFACE WATER QUALITY SUBSECTOR ALSO MOVED FROM A VERY INTEGRATED COMMUNITY INTO A MORE OPEN STRUCTURE. THIS OPENNESS IS, HOWEVER, TO A LARGE EXTENT ORGANIZED BY THE SECTOR ITSELF, BY INCORPORATING OTHER INTERESTS IN THEIR COUNCILS AND COMMITTEES. BOTH SUBSECTORS INCREASINGLY ADOPT A CONSENSUAL APPROACH IN DEALING WITH THESE OTHER INTERESTS.
In: Huitema , D , van de Kerkhof , M F & Pesch , U 2007 , ' The nature of the beast. Are citizens' juries deliberative or pluralist ' , Policy Sciences , vol. 4 , pp. 287-311 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-007-9046-7
In: Jordan , A , van Asselt , H D , Berkhout , F G H , Huitema , D & Rayner , T 2012 , ' Understanding the paradoxes of multi-level governing: Climate change policy in the European Union ' , Global Environmental Politics , vol. 12 , no. 2 , pp. 43-66 . https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00108
In: Olsthoorn , X , van der Werff , P E , Bouwer , L M & Huitema , D 2008 , ' Neo-Atlantis: The Netherlands under a 5-m sea level rise ' , Climatic Change , vol. 91 , no. 1-2 , pp. 103-122 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9423-z
In: Huitema , D , Adger , W N , Berkhout , F G H , Massey , E E , Mazmanian , D , Munaretto , S , Plummer , R & Termeer , C C J A M 2016 , ' The governance of adaptation: choices, reasons, and effects. Introduction to the Special Feature ' , Ecology and Society , vol. 21 , no. 3 , 3 , pp. 37 . https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08797-210337
The governance of climate adaptation involves the collective efforts of multiple societal actors to address problems, or to reap the benefits, associated with impacts of climate change. Governing involves the creation of institutions, rules and organizations, and the selection of normative principles to guide problem solution and institution building. We argue that actors involved in governing climate change adaptation, as climate change governance regimes evolve, inevitably must engage in making choices, for instance on problem definitions, jurisdictional levels, on modes of governance and policy instruments, and on the timing of interventions. Yet little is known about how and why these choices are made in practice, and how such choices affect the outcomes of our efforts to govern adaptation. In this introduction we review the current state of evidence and the specific contribution of the articles published in this Special Feature, which are aimed at bringing greater clarity in these matters, and thereby informing both governance theory and practice. Collectively, the contributing papers suggest that the way issues are defined has important consequences for the support for governance interventions, and their effectiveness. The articles suggest that currently the emphasis in adaptation governance is on the local and regional levels, while underscoring the benefits of interventions and governance at higher jurisdictional levels in terms of visioning and scaling-up effective approaches. The articles suggest that there is a central role of government agencies in leading governance interventions to address spillover effects, to provide public goods, and to promote the long-term perspectives for planning. They highlight the issue of justice in the governance of adaptation showing how governance measures have wide distributional consequences, including the potential to amplify existing inequalities, access to resources, or generating new injustices through distribution of risks. For several of these findings, future research directions are suggested.
In: Patterson , J J , Thaler , T , Hoffman , M , Hughes , S , Chu , E , Mert , A , Huitema , D , Burch , S & Jordan , A 2018 , ' Political feasibility of 1.5°C societal transformations: the role of social justice ' , Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability , vol. 31 , pp. 1-9 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.11.002
Constraining global climate change to 1.5°C is commonly understood to require urgent and deep societal transformations. Yet such transformations are not always viewed as politically feasible; finding ways to enhance the political feasibility of ambitious decarbonization trajectories is needed. This paper reviews the role of social justice as an organizing principle for politically feasible 1.5°C transformations. A social justice lens usefully focuses attention on 1) protecting vulnerable people from climate change impacts, 2) protecting people from disruptions of transformation, and 3) enhancing the process of envisioning and implementing an equitable post-carbon society. However, justice-focused arguments could also have unintended consequences, such as being deployed against climate action. Hence proactively engaging with social justice is critical in navigating 1.5°C societal transformations.
Constraining global climate change to 1.5°C is commonly understood to require urgent and deep societal transformations. Yet such transformations are not always viewed as politically feasible; finding ways to enhance the political feasibility of ambitious decarbonization trajectories is needed. This paper reviews the role of social justice as an organizing principle for politically feasible 1.5°C transformations. A social justice lens usefully focuses attention on first, protecting vulnerable people from climate change impacts, second, protecting people from disruptions of transformation, and finally, enhancing the process of envisioning and implementing an equitable post-carbon society. However, justice-focused arguments could also have unintended consequences, such as being deployed against climate action. Hence proactively engaging with social justice is critical in navigating 1.5°C societal transformations.
Constraining global climate change to 1.5°C is commonly understood to require urgent and deep societal transformations. Yet such transformations are not always viewed as politically feasible; finding ways to enhance the political feasibility of ambitious decarbonization trajectories is needed. This paper reviews the role of social justice as an organizing principle for politically feasible 1.5°C transformations. A social justice lens usefully focuses attention on first, protecting vulnerable people from climate change impacts, second, protecting people from disruptions of transformation, and finally, enhancing the process of envisioning and implementing an equitable post-carbon society. However, justice-focused arguments could also have unintended consequences, such as being deployed against climate action. Hence proactively engaging with social justice is critical in navigating 1.5°C societal transformations.